Oil and Steel HW Due 2/29/2012

	Proprietorships________________________	Partnerships______________________________	Corporations_____________________________________
Advantages in Business	_______________________________________	____________________________________________	_________________________________________________
Disadvantages in Business	_________________________________________	______________________________________________	__________________________________________________

Oil and Steel 2/28/2012

Topic: The Transformation of America

Learning Objective:

You will be able to write how the innovations made in the late 1800s lead to the success of corporations.

Do Now:

1.      Define Monopoly.

2.      Give an example of a monopoly present today.

Direct Instruction:

I - Economic Theory:

Along with the technological advancements in America came the construction of different economic beliefs.

·         Laissez-Faire Capitalism: The theory that calls for no government regulation on economic matters.

o   Laissez-Faire is a French term for “let it be.”

·         Social Darwinism: The “fittest” person, business, or nation should and would rise to positions of wealth and power.

o   Took Darwin’s theory of natural selection and translated it to the business world.

Many people supported the idea of Social Darwinism. Educators, businessmen, and clergymen supported the idea of Social Darwinism. Some clergy offered religious support to the idea, suggesting that great wealth was a sign of Christian virtue. 

II - Quote Analysis:

Baptist Minister Russell H. Conwell

“You ought to get rich, and it is your duty to get rich … To make money honestly is to preach the gospel.”

1. What is the minister saying is the Christian thing to do?
2. Why would having money make you a good Christian?
3. Why would the church want rich supporters?
4. Do you think Conwell would be in favor of Laissez-Faires?

Good Vs Bad:
Robber Barron: The industrialist was seen in a negative light because the land they would use for railroads or oil would be taken away from the people.
Captain of Industry: Helped people and gave back to the community.

Activity: Pull the keywords out of the following and fill out the chat for Homework

In the late 1800s there were a number of different forms of businesses. There were proprietorships which were small enterprises (businesses) owned by individuals or families. These businesses had the chance to be successful but lacked the ability for expansion. There were also partnerships which were enterprises that were owned by two or more people. These are also small businesses that had the ability to grow larger based upon duel ownership (owned by two people). Lastly there are corporations which are large enterprises that are jointly owned by a large number of stockholders (people). Those people own stock in the company which are pieces of the company. In exchange for their stock they receive a share of the company’s profits through this partnership.

There were some advantages and disadvantages to all types of businesses at this time. With a small business the advantages are the ability to have a small, but successful business. Less profit is made, but there is also less work. One disadvantage is that you will make less money in the long run. The same can be said for partnerships. All though there is the possibility for expansion it is unlikely. Some advantages for corporations are that they are able to obtain more money through the sale of stocks. The stock holders are not responsible for the corporation’s debt because there is no head of the company. Also the corporation exists no matter who the owner of the stock is, unlike if one partner in a partnership were to die or something were to happen to the soul owner of a proprietorship. However, with corporations competition is fierce and prices and profits fluctuate greatly.

The corporations tried to find a way around the disadvantages created by conducting business. With these disadvantages in corporation management came the formation of trusts which are agreements or pacts between corporations, which gave control of their business to a board of directors. The directors then ran the companies as single enterprises. That means that a board of directors ran multiple areas of business which often gave them complete control over that area if business. If the trust that was created had gained exclusive control over an industry they then obtained a monopoly.

One leader of industry was Andrew Carnegie, he was a shining example of success for the existence of corporations. Over the course of his career he had obtained a monopoly in the steel industry. What Carnegie lacked in the knowledge of the production (making) of steel, he gained in the ability to run a business. Carnegie filled his factories with the most modern machines, experts on the product of steel, and would do anything to beat competitors. He started using different forms of business practices such as Economics of Scale and Vertical Integration.  Economics of scale was the practice of producing large quantities of a product (steel) in order to increase profit when sold, because it took less money to produce. He also started vertical Integration which was acquiring (getting) companies that supplied the raw materials in order to control cost of supplies. After successfully pioneering (starting) the market of steel production Carnegie retired in 1901. He was able to sell his company, The Carnegie Steel Company to banking tycoon J.P. Morgan for nearly $500 Million; he easily became the world’s richest man.

Another leader of industry was John D. Rockefeller with the oil industry, an industry which he also monopolized. Similar to Carnegie, Rockefeller began small and worked his way up the ladder to success. He too used the tactic (strategy) of vertical integration. However, unlike Carnegie he began horizontal integration which was a more vicious (mean) form of business. Horizontal integration did not allowing other companies to obtain (get) the supplies at a reasonable price, which would force them to fall apart or sell out to Rockefeller.

Businesses used Corporations, trusts, and vertical and horizontal integration to increase profits. In an attempt to stop the use of trusts or the establishment of monopolies, the government adopted the Sherman Antitrust Act. This act distinguished these two things as unlawful. Though due to the constraints that comes with defining what constitutes a trust or a monopoly this was hard to enforce. The United States government had a difficult time controlling the way in which a business was run.

Exit ticket/ Summary

What innovations helped the success of John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie?

Oil and Electricity 2/27/2012

Topic: The Transformation of America

Learning Objective:

You will be able to determine the causes and effects of the “Second Industrial Revolution.”

Do Now:

Circle any People, Underline any Dates, Box the words “Steel,” “Revolution,” or “Railroad.”

Be sure to fill in at least five columns in the Questions/ Main Ideas/ Key Words/ Thoughts section.

From 1865 to 1910 the United States experienced a surge of Industrial growth. These decades witnessed the beginnings of a “second industrial revolution.” A “new industrial order” was created with the development of cheap steel, the completion of a nationwide rail network, and the invention of the many technological items.

A great reason for the surge in industrial growth would be the ability to produce inexpensive steel. Steel that was originally priced at somewhere near $100 a ton in 1873 had dropped substantially (greatly) and was priced at around $12 a ton by 1890. With the development of cheap steel those individuals funding the production of the railroad had the “building blocks” they needed to start and eventually complete construction. These “building blocks” consisted of the heavy machinery, rails, and beams which were all made up of steel. With these tools now in hand the task of completing this project came down to there was a better opportunity to complete a large scale railroad, which spanned from coast to coast which. Between the years of 1869 and 1900 the length of track that could be measured went from 50,000 miles to 200,000 miles.

With the growth of railroads too came the growth of technological advancement. Standards of safety were able to be improved on locomotives (trains). One such innovation came from George Westinghouse, in the form of a compressed air break which allowed trains to stop more smooth and efficiently. This along with an alteration (change) to the design of the actual rails, railroad travel had become substantially (greatly) safer. With this a need for communication had been born and a telegraph system which allowed trains to communicate with one another had been invented by Graville T. Woods.

This growth in technology did not stay just with the railroads, but there was a technological movement making its way around the United States. Tough the telegraph had been around since it was created by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837; people saw little need for its use. However, over time people began to see the telegraph’s practical use and by 1866, Western Union, the leading telegraph company had over 2,000 offices nationwide. Just 10 years after that an inventor by the name of Alexander Graham Bell presented his new invention, the “talking telegraph” or telephone for short. Though controversial at first, in time this was seen as one of the greatest invention in its time.

The United States was able to move forward with the inventions of items such as the telegraph or telephone, as well as the expansion of the railways in American. Through the advancement technologically as well as the ability to navigate more easily from coast to coast the United States had become structurally sound and unified through the act of commerce (business).

Direct Instruction:

America’s remarkable transportation and communications developments depended on abundant supplies of energy. In the late 1800s businesspeople and inventors began to tap into two new sources of power, oil and electricity.

I - Oil:

Oil’s early use:

Oil – Miracle cure to any illness. 

• For some time in parts of western Pennsylvania people had known about the existence of oil. The use however was unknown to them.
• It was sold to make fast money as a miracle cure remedy that would get rid of a number of sicknesses.
• Benjamin Sillman had discovered that through refinement the oil that is found in the ground can be burned to produce light. Prospectors hurry to sink their own wells. By 1880 oil wells dotted Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia producing more than 25 million barrels of oil in 1880 alone.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKoOL44Ij14&feature=related 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=d9Q1vM2vPIk

Based on these two clips answer the following questions:

Film Questions:

1.       Why are all of the people gathering to hear the “Oil Man” speak?

2.       What are some of the promises made by the “Oil Man” to the people?

3.       What was one concern raised by the people?

4.       What are some dangers related with oil drilling? Why?

II - Electricity:

Like oil people had known about electricity long before putting it to practical use.

It wasn’t until a man by the name of Thomas Edison; an inventor chose to harness its power.

Edison was an amateur inventor responsible for some of the most important inventions today.

Light Bulb

Phonograph

Kinetoscope

Exit ticket/ summary

What is one need for these discoveries and how did they cause people to change?

Westward Expansion: The Mining Boom 2/26/2012

Topic: Westward Expansion

Learning Objective:
You will be able to determine why the mining boom helped people to move westward.

Do Now: Map Skills
1.    What kind of terrain were most of the gold of silver strikes made?
2.    Was gold or silver discovered throughout the United States?
3.    Was more gold or silver discovered in the United States?
4.    What were some states that the mining boom took place in?

Direct Instruction:
I - Mining – Where did it take place?

California Gold Rush (1858) – Pikes Peak: Major discovery of gold found in this area.
 
Nevada (1859) – Carson River Valley: In addition to gold there was a large portion of silver that was being found as well.

Canada: Moving northward raised growing fears for Russia and the United States. Due to this Russia sold Alaska to the Unites states for roughly $7,000,000. At the time this was seen as a worthless purchase on the part of the United States.

Alaska (1897) – Klondike Gold Rush: Discovery in Canada’s Yukon Territory, which bordered Canada made many people move to Alaska on the prospect for finding gold.

II – Life in Mining Camps:
Mining Camps:·    Cramped
·    Crude
·    Few Comforts
·    Conflicts between ethnic groups (Irish, German, and Chinese)

After time Camps became towns:
As more families moved into the camps, many settlements turned into permanent communities. Soon after came law and order, schools, hospitals, and churches were built.

Mining as Big Business - New Techniques:
Hydraulic Mining: Miners used water pressure to wash away mountains of gravel and expose the minerals underneath

Mining as Big Business - New Techniques:
Hard-Rock Mining: Digging deep shafts into the rock to get at the ore (rock or stones) locked in veins (inside) of quartz (rock or stone).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mk4wI_yE0Rc

Exit ticket/ summary
Why did gold mining bring families westward?

American Cowboy: Man or Myth Slides

Direct Instruction:

I - What is a "cowboy" and where is it from?

● The word Cowboy comes from the Spanish

word Vaquero. The name "Cowpoke" comes

from the end of the cattle drive when the

cowboys had to push the cattle onto the trains

with a stick or prod.

II - Who were the Cowboys?

● 1/3 of the Cowboys were former slaves and

most of the other were former confederate

soldiers.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #1:

The Cowboy life was Glamorous.

Myth - the cowboy often worked 18 hour days

and the long trail drives were boring

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #2:

The Cowboy had small or medium frames

Truth - Large men were to heavy to ride the

mustangs efficiently, they would tire the horse

out.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #3:

The Cowboy would ride his favorite horse all day.

Myth - Cowboys would ride a string of horsed

depending on the task at hand. Slow horses at

night and quick horsed for fast daytime work,

like roping and driving.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #4:

There were only white Cowboys.

Myth - About 1/6th of all cowboys were

Mexican, many were African American and

even some Native Americans.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #5:

Many Cowboys were older and experienced wranglers.

Myth - Most were young men who had actually

had to learn on the job how to wrangle.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #6:

It's called a Cowboy not a Cowgirl, women could not be a part of the culture.

Myth - Several women owned cattle ranches

and some ran their own cattle drives.

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Myth #7:

Cowboys often had to fight off Native Americans.

Myth - Cowboys rarely if ever fought with the

Native American people, remember some

Native Americans are assimilating at this time

and some are even cowboys themselves.

Cowboy Handout #2

The American Cowboy: Myth or Truth

Directions: Using the slides shown in class today find evidence of the truth or myth of the American cowboy in the chart below.

Cowboy Handout #1

Man or Myth: The American Cowboy

       No point in American History has been given more examples of myth than that of the “Wild West.” Settled between the years of 1870 and 1890, the previously unexplored lands of the western wilderness were something of a mystery. Over the years an image of a lone cowboy began to emerge. They were free spirited individuals whom showed no alliances (friends). They roamed from town to town where they took part in gunfights and there was no form of law and order. It truly was a “Wild West” that was imagined by individuals. In reality, after the land was settled  this can all be proven false.
       The land at the time of expansion consisted of many Indian Reservations, so upon expansion, not only were many Native American living on the western front, but Hispanic farmers, cattle owners, and hunters had already cultivated a good portion of the land as well. It is common thought that these cow folk had gone and set out into a vast wasteland that was unknown to all, where in reality they were just checking out previously used land. They earned their “Wild West” second hand from the Native Americans and Hispanic people in the United States.
       Upon the expansion of American citizens to the west, a myth was created of the white Anglo Saxon (White Christian) American Cowboy. This too, though true was an embellishment (exaggeration). In reality around 25 percent of the cowboys were African American and around 12 percent were Hispanic. That means only a little over half of the cowboys of the day had been what was depicted by movies and books. The other half were Native Americans or African American and Hispanic cowboys.
Another myth about these lone cowboy types was that they worked alone. This too was highly unlikely at time. It was common for a group of individuals to work together raising cattle or working on a farm. By doing so they more commonly had a produced a larger amount of goods, thus making more money. They did not live a glamorous life, they worked long days in order to maintain their land. They were not experienced as one would believe and learned on the job for most of the time. The towns in which this land was tilled was often spread far and the properties frequently were manned large families or groups of people. They were also quite large plots of land at that. Many of these towns operated just as a town today would have. They had law enforcement and public officials. This too is a myth that had been displayed in many productions. It wasn’t very often, if ever that showdowns would occur.
    Much of what is presented in television and films is presented to be entertaining. It is important to remember that these “cowboys” that were tending to the cattle in the west were hard working American men and women that were just looking for an opportunity. They were not outlaws or vile (bad) people.

Directions:
1. Find five Key Terms
2. Write down two questions you have about the reading.

Western Cowboys

Topic: Western Cowboys

Learning Objective: You will be able to determine whether or not the American Cowboy popularized in film is genuine (real) or fake?

Do Now:
1. Read the hand out.
2. Find five Key Terms.
3. Write down two questions you have about the reading.


Direct Instruction – 10 minutes of Questions and discussion, elicit info from students  and put on board.


I - What is a "cowboy" and where is it from?

●    The word Cowboy comes from the Spanish word Vaquero. The name  "Cowpoke" comes from the end of the cattle drive when the cowboys had to push the cattle onto the trains with a stick or prod.

I - What is a "cowboy" and where is it from?

●    The word Cowboy comes from the Spanish word Vaquero. The name  "Cowpoke" comes from the end of the cattle drive when the cowboys had to push the cattle onto the trains with a stick or prod.


Conferencing/ Independent Learning / Clustering – Here is a 20 minute activity that students will complete – alone, pairs, or groups

Students will be shown slides and will be expected to use the information from the slides to fill a graphic organizer.

Sharing Out / Final Summary – This is how you end the lesson, with questions or activity.

On an exit ticket give 2 examples of things you believed to be true about cowboys now to be false.

Western Expansion Classwork

Far an Away - The Oklahoma Land Run: Film Question Sheet

Answer the following questions in full and complete sentences. Use the information from the video as well as your notes in class.

Questions:
1.    Where were the settlers racing (running) toward and why?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.    What did some of the settlers do in order to maintain (keep) the land that they had found?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.    Why did some settlers resort to violence?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.    How did claiming the land before others protect the land for your own?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________